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13. Maximum Depth of Binary Tree

easyAsked at CircleCI

Find the maximum depth of a binary tree, mirroring how CircleCI measures the critical path length of a pipeline DAG.

By Alex Chen, Founder, InterviewChamp.AI · Last verified

Problem

Given the root of a binary tree, return its maximum depth. The maximum depth is the number of nodes along the longest path from the root node down to the farthest leaf node.

Constraints

  • Number of nodes in [0, 10^4]
  • Node values in [-100, 100]

Examples

Example 1

Input
root = [3,9,20,null,null,15,7]
Output
3

Example 2

Input
root = [1,null,2]
Output
2

Approaches

1. Brute force

Recursively compute depth by traversing every node.

Time
O(n)
Space
O(h)
function maxDepth(root) {
  if (!root) return 0;
  return 1 + Math.max(maxDepth(root.left), maxDepth(root.right));
}

Tradeoff:

2. Iterative BFS

Use a queue to process nodes level by level, incrementing depth per level. Avoids call-stack overflow on deep trees.

Time
O(n)
Space
O(n)
function maxDepth(root) {
  if (!root) return 0;
  const queue = [root];
  let depth = 0;
  while (queue.length) {
    let size = queue.length;
    depth++;
    for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
      const node = queue.shift();
      if (node.left) queue.push(node.left);
      if (node.right) queue.push(node.right);
    }
  }
  return depth;
}

Tradeoff:

CircleCI-specific tips

CircleCI interviewers draw parallels to DAG critical-path computation — mention that depth maps to pipeline stage count and discuss how you'd parallelize sibling subtrees.

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